Chronic kidney disease: symptoms, stages and diagnosis

A complete guide to chronic kidney disease: prevention, tests and treatment

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the main health challenges worldwide. It is an often silent condition, which can progress slowly over time without obvious symptoms, until it severely compromises kidney function.

On the occasion of World Kidney Day 2026, it becomes essential to inform the public and raise awareness of the importance of prevention, early diagnosis and the monitoring of kidney health.

The kidneys perform essential functions for the body: they filter the blood, eliminate toxins, regulate fluid balance and contribute to blood pressure control. When these organs stop working properly, the whole body suffers.

What chronic kidney disease is

Chronic kidney disease is a condition characterized by a progressive, irreversible reduction in kidney function lasting at least three months.

It develops when the kidneys are no longer able to filter the blood effectively, causing toxic substances to build up in the body.

Over time, CKD can lead to significant complications, including:

• electrolyte imbalances

• anemia

• hypertension

• cardiovascular disease

• end-stage kidney failure

One of the most critical aspects is that the disease can remain asymptomatic for years, which makes prevention and regular check-ups essential.

Why chronic kidney disease is on the rise

In recent years there has been a significant increase in cases of chronic kidney disease. This is mainly linked to the spread of certain conditions:

• diabetes mellitus

• high blood pressure

• obesity

• an aging population

These factors contribute to the progressive deterioration of kidney function.

The main causes of CKD

Diabetes

Diabetes is the most frequent cause of chronic kidney disease. High blood glucose levels damage the small blood vessels of the kidneys over time.

High blood pressure

High blood pressure can impair kidney function, reducing the kidneys’ ability to filter the blood.

Glomerular diseases

These are inflammations of the glomeruli, the structures that filter the blood.

Genetic diseases

Such as polycystic kidney disease, which leads to the formation of cysts in the kidneys.

Medicines and toxic substances

The prolonged use of certain medicines can damage the kidneys.

Recurrent urinary tract infections

If not treated properly, they can contribute to kidney damage.

Symptoms of kidney failure

One of the main problems of CKD is its silent progression.

In the early stages, in fact, symptoms may be absent or very mild.

As the disease progresses, the following may appear:

• chronic tiredness

• swelling of the legs and ankles

• changes in the amount of urine

• foamy urine

• nausea and loss of appetite

• difficulty concentrating

• high blood pressure

The stages of chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease is divided into five stages, according to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Stage 1

Normal kidney function but with signs of damage.

Stage 2

Mild reduction in kidney function.

Stage 3

Moderate reduction in function.

Stage 4

Severe reduction in function.

Stage 5

End-stage kidney failure.

High creatinine: what it means

High creatinine is one of the most important signs of possible kidney dysfunction.

Creatinine is a waste product that is eliminated by the kidneys. When the kidneys are not working properly, creatinine levels in the blood rise.

However, it is important to stress that creatinine must be assessed together with other parameters.

How chronic kidney disease is diagnosed

Diagnosis is based on simple but essential tests:

Blood tests

• creatinine

• blood urea

• electrolytes

Urine test

It detects protein or blood in the urine.

GFR

It indicates the filtering capacity of the kidneys.

Kidney ultrasound

It assesses the structure of the kidneys.

When dialysis is started in chronic kidney disease

Dialysis is started when the kidneys can no longer perform their functions.

It generally begins:

• at stage 5

• in the presence of severe symptoms

• when the tests indicate it

Prevention: the first step

Prevention is essential.

The main strategies include:

• blood pressure control

• diabetes management

• a balanced diet

• physical activity

• regular check-ups

The role of the NefroCenter Group

The NefroCenter Group is a point of reference in nephrology in the Italian regions where its facilities are located. It also plays a leading role in World Kidney Day with prevention initiatives.

It offers:

• screening

• advanced diagnostics

• personalized treatments

• continuous care

World Kidney Day 2026

World Kidney Day is a key moment for promoting prevention.

Information and awareness can make the difference.

FAQ

What is chronic kidney disease?

It is a progressive loss of kidney function.

What are the symptoms?

Tiredness, swelling, changes in the urine.

When is dialysis started?

In the advanced stage of the disease.

Can chronic kidney disease be prevented?

Yes, with check-ups and a healthy lifestyle.

Read also: The five stages of kidney disease. The useful tests at NefrocenterLab